Hermes, the herald of the Olympian gods, is
son of Zeus and the nymph Maia, daughter of Atlas and one of the
Pleiades. He was worshiped throughout Greece especially in
Arcadia. Festivals in honor of Hermes were called
Hermoea.
According to legend, Hermes was born in a
cave on Mount Cyllene in Arcadia. Zeus had impregnated Maia at the dead of
night while all other gods slept. When dawn broke amazingly he was
born.
Being the herald (messenger of the gods), it
was his duty to guide the souls of the dead down to the underworld, which
is known as a psychopomp. He was also closely connected with bringing
dreams to mortals. Hermes is usually depicted with a broad-brimmed hat or
a winged cap, winged sandals and the heralds staff (kerykeion in Greek, or
Caduceus in Latin). It was often shown as a shaft with two white ribbons,
although later they were represented by serpents intertwined in a figure
of eight shape, and the shaft often had wings attached. The clothes he
donned were usually that of a traveler, or that of a workman or shepherd.
Other symbols of Hermes are the cock, tortoise and purse or
pouch.
The offspring of Hermes are believed to be
Pan, Abderus and Hermaphroditus. Hermes as with the other gods had
numerous affairs with goddesses, nymphs and mortals.
It was Hermes who liberated Io, the lover of
Zeus, from the hundred-eyed giant Argus, who had been ordered by Hera, the
jealous wife of Zeus, to watch over her. Hermes also saved
Odysseus and his men from being transformed into pigs by the goddess and
sorceress Circe. He gave them a herb which resisted the spell. Hermes also
guided Eurydice back down to the underworld after she had been allowed to
stay for one day on earth with her husband Orpheus.
Known for his swiftness and athleticism,
Hermes was given credit for inventing foot-racing and boxing. At Olympia a
statue of him stood at the entrance to the stadium and his statues were in
every gymnasium throughout Greece. Hermes was a popular subject for
artists. Both painted pottery and statuary show him in various forms, but
the most fashionable depicted him as a good-looking young man, with an
athletic body, and winged sandals and his heralds staff. His Roman
counterpart Mercury inherited his attributes, and there are many Roman
copies of Greek artistic creations of Hermes.